Mutational effects can be beneficial, harmful ... to compute the overall mutation rate (Haag-Liautard et al., 2007). Such direct estimates should not be confused with substitution rates estimated ...

The most common type of mistake is a point substitution ... due to these errors (Figure 1). Mutations can have a range of effects. They can often be harmful. Others have little or no detrimental ...

They also created a new amino acid substitution matrix called FUNSUM ... genetic counselors better distinguish between ...