Environmental groups applauded the ruling, which denies a nationwide permit that would have allowed the Gulf’s first offshore farms.

This victory is yet another major legal rebuke to the federal government's continuing attempts to establish aquaculture in U.S. ocean waters.

For example, fish in the wrasse family use anvil shaped rocks to crack open bivalves ... to aquatic ecosystems and public health. Net-pen farming. Escapes of farmed fish, particularly salmon, from ...

An hour’s drive from central Tokyo, a saltwater fish-farming factory sits atop a hill ... takes pride in its “eco-friendly, ocean-free technology to grow seafood on land.” ...