This summary presents an in‐depth overview of thin films and the analysis of their surface morphology. Thin films, defined as material layers with thicknesses ranging from nanometres to micrometres, ...

Surface properties dictate a vast array of material characteristics that are crucial to performance, durability, and intended functionality across diverse industries. Properties such as friction, wear ...

AFM differs significantly from traditional microscopy techniques as it does not project light or electrons on the sample's surface to create its image. Instead, AFM utilizes a sharp probe while ...