Richard J. Clifford. Richard J. Clifford, S.J., is professor of Old Testament and dean of the Boston College School of Theology and Ministry (founded in June 2008). A former editor of The Catholic ...

The Masoretes were a group of Hebrew scholars who worked for 400 years to collect all the versions of the Old Testament and refine them into an authoritative text.

Invariably, they conclude that the historical-critically derived “original meaning” does not lend itself to its later New Testament (or other Christian) usage, absent both hindsight and an a priori ...

The New Testament was published at Rheims in 1582, and the Old Testament at Douay in 1609-1610. The language of the text was modernized by Bishop Challoner (1749-1752). 5.

A dull-looking chart projected on the wall of a university office in Jerusalem displayed a revelation that would startle many readers of the Old Testament: The sacred text that people revered in ...