This is especially the case for obligate parasites that rely on alternate hosts (vectors) for transmission. Phytoplasmas, parasites that cause disease in crops and other plants, are reliant on sap ...

Cornell University marine ecologists and computer scientists have shown that grazing by sea snails and other marine herbivores has a big impact on the scale of seagrass wasting disease — contributing ...

Cultural controls and nursery hygiene are essential — nematodes are readily spread by overhead irrigation or propagation mist ...