mandated that players wear helmets. And in 2011, the NFL instated its five-step concussion protocol. The National Hockey League (NHL) followed suit in 1983, mandating helmets, and created a ...

Objectives To compare the incidence rates and odds of concussion between youth ice hockey players based on mouthguard use and helmet age. Materials and methods Within a 5-year longitudinal cohort ...

Results Approximately 20% of players diagnosed with concussions showed no on-ice clinical signs. Most frequent on-ice clinical signs were: (1) slow to get up; (2) clutching of the head/helmet; and (3) ...